Chapters 11-12
Chapter 8 to 10 covers topics from cell communication to mitosis. These topics would relate to the big ideas- information and systems interaction. It would connect to information since the cell communication receives and transmit information between cells that helps with the function of cells. Without the help of the receptors, signaling molecules and other cell communication parts, organisms would not be functioning as properly since information on work would not be transmitted. Also, the topic of the cell cycle would relate to systems interaction since one cell leads to more complex interaction within the organism.
Objective 1: Describe the three stages of cell communication: reception, transduction, and response
Reception= chemical signal binds to a cellular proteins, usually at the cell’s surface or interior
Transduction= converts the change in receptor to a form that can bring cellular response. This involves a series of steps, called the signal transduction pathway.
Response= transduced signal triggers a specific cellular response
Links:
masteringbiology.com
http://sciencenetlinks.com/lessons/cell-communication/
Transduction= converts the change in receptor to a form that can bring cellular response. This involves a series of steps, called the signal transduction pathway.
Response= transduced signal triggers a specific cellular response
Links:
masteringbiology.com
http://sciencenetlinks.com/lessons/cell-communication/
Objective 2: Explain how G protein-coupled receptors receive cell signals and start transduction
The G-protein coupled receptor is first binded to a signaling protein, which activates the G-protein coupled receptor. Then the activated G-protein coupled receptor binds to an inactive G protein, which is activated when DTP take over the GDP. Finally, the G-protein binds with an enzyme and activates it, causing it to start transduction.
Links:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10911023
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/signals.htm
Links:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10911023
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/signals.htm
Objective 3: Explain how receptor tyrosine kinases receive cell signals and start transduction
First, an activated dimer is formed when phosphates are binded to receptors. As the tyrosine kinases adds a phosphate from ATP, transduction is initiated due to the inactive proteins being activated when binded to phosphates.
Links:
http://hstalks.com/main/browse_talks.php?r=38
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2158859
Links:
http://hstalks.com/main/browse_talks.php?r=38
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2158859
Objective 4: Generalize how a cell signal is amplified by a phosphorylation cascade
Cell signal is amplified when there is a exponential increase in the number of activated molecules as it goes through the phosphorylation cascade.
Links:
http://novella.mhhe.com/sites/0070070017/student_view0/biology_1/chapter_45/signal_amplification.html
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/signals.htm
Links:
http://novella.mhhe.com/sites/0070070017/student_view0/biology_1/chapter_45/signal_amplification.html
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/signals.htm
Objective 5: Identify how a cell response in the nucleus turns on genes, whereas in the cytoplasm it activates enzymes
Genes can be turned on in the nucleus due to the gene regulation. An enzyme will acitivate a gene-regulating protein, the transcription factor. An inactivated transcription factor is activated and goes to its targeted genes. Thus, the transcription factor is activated to turn on the specific gene and acts like signal transduction.
Links:
http://www.cellsignal.com/reference/landscapes/nucleus.html
http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/genes-turned-off-on.htm
Links:
http://www.cellsignal.com/reference/landscapes/nucleus.html
http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/genes-turned-off-on.htm
Objective 6: Specify what apoptosis means and why it is important to normal functioning of multicellular organisms.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death which involves a series of steps in which cells signal self termination. Apoptosis is important to keep the process of cell division or mitosis in check, and to remove cells that have been damaged by making it commit suicide.
Links:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellular-microscopic/apoptosis.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26873/
Links:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/cellular-microscopic/apoptosis.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26873/
objective 7: Describe the structure of the duplicated chromosome
The structure of duplicated structure is two chromatids joined together by the centromere.
Links:
http://cyberbridge.mcb.harvard.edu/mitosis_2.html
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Chromosomes.html
Links:
http://cyberbridge.mcb.harvard.edu/mitosis_2.html
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Chromosomes.html
Objective 8: Summarize the cell cycle and stages of mitosis
The cell cycle consists of stages G1, S, G2 and M. G1 stands for Gap 1, S stands for synthesis since it is the stage when DNA replication starts, G2 stands for Gap 2 and M stands for mitosis. Mitosis is a nuclear division that produces two identical daughter cells. It includes five phases, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. In prophase chromatin coiled into chromosomes, mitotic spindle began to form, nuclear envelope began to break kinetochores attached to kinetochore fibers, and two pairs of centrioles move away to opposite ends of the cell. In metaphase the spindle fully develops and chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. In anaphase the sister chromatids separate and move to poles of the cell and the cell elongates due to spindle fibers. In telophase, chromosomes begin to uncoil, nuclear envelope reappears, spindle disappears and chromosomes are assembled in sets at two poles. Lastly, during cytokinesis the cleavage furrow appears, resulting in the pinching of the cell in two.
Links:
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0118084/Gene/Chromosomal_Inheritance/StagesMitosis.htm
Links:
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0118084/Gene/Chromosomal_Inheritance/StagesMitosis.htm
Objective 9: Explain the role of kinases and cyclin in the regulation of the cell cycle
Kinases and cyclin help with cell cycle transitions like DNA synthesis initiation or mitosis. These enzymes are considered the base of regulation cell cycle as their activity is modulated by proteins that transduce signals from the environment and monitor the progress of DNA replication, formation of the mitotic spindle and more.
Links:
http://www.sinobiological.com/Cyclin-Dependent-Kinase-CDK-a-1303.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7711288
Links:
http://www.sinobiological.com/Cyclin-Dependent-Kinase-CDK-a-1303.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7711288
Objective 10: Discuss the role of mitosis in the distribution of genetic information
In mitosis, the replicated genetic material is evenly distributed to the daughter cells. During the process, the genes are identically replicated and then separated into different cells through cytokinesis.
Links:
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect16.htm
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/mitosis
Links:
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect16.htm
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/mitosis
Term:
protein kinase- enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
protein phosphatase- enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins
adenylyl cyclase-an enzyme embedded in a plasma membrane that converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal
apoptosis- cell suicide
kinetochore- structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere
cleavage furrow- shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate
binary fission- process where the cell grows roughly double its size then divides into two cells, asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes
transformation- process that converts a normal celll to a cancer cell
density-dependent inhibition- phenomenon in which crowed cells stop dividing
cycle control system- operating set of molecules in a cell that triggers and manages key events in the cell cycle
Application
These chapters has covered important chapters that impact organism's functions. Cell communication and mitosis are extremely important since they are essential to making life and help to allow organism to function properly. For example, a part of cell communication is apoptosis, which is cell suicide. Through apoptosis, treatments to diseases like cancer can be researched and benefited since apoptosis would kill any cancer cells by suicide. Also, through apoptosis, humans lose the webbing inbetween hands and feet.
protein kinase- enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein
protein phosphatase- enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins
adenylyl cyclase-an enzyme embedded in a plasma membrane that converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal
apoptosis- cell suicide
kinetochore- structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere
cleavage furrow- shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate
binary fission- process where the cell grows roughly double its size then divides into two cells, asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes
transformation- process that converts a normal celll to a cancer cell
density-dependent inhibition- phenomenon in which crowed cells stop dividing
cycle control system- operating set of molecules in a cell that triggers and manages key events in the cell cycle
Application
These chapters has covered important chapters that impact organism's functions. Cell communication and mitosis are extremely important since they are essential to making life and help to allow organism to function properly. For example, a part of cell communication is apoptosis, which is cell suicide. Through apoptosis, treatments to diseases like cancer can be researched and benefited since apoptosis would kill any cancer cells by suicide. Also, through apoptosis, humans lose the webbing inbetween hands and feet.